The Struggle Against Sweatshops: Moving Toward Responsible Global Business

Today’s sweatshops violate our notions of justice, yet they continue to flourish. This is so because we have not settled on criteria that would allow us to condemn and do away with them and because the poor working conditions in certain places are preferable to the alternative of no job at all. In this paper, we examine these phenomena. We consider the definitional dilemmas posed by sweatshops by routing a standard definition of sweatshops through the precepts put forward in the literature on justice and virtue ethics. We conclude that fixing on definitions is pointless and misleading and that we are better off looking at whether or not a workplace violates the basic human rights of workers and whether or not the working conditions there cohere with situations on which we have already rendered judgments. In the end, we suggest guidelines for businesses that operate in the global workplace to help them avoid charges of running sweatshops. These recommendations account for the harsh living conditions in certain developing and emerging countries as well as the norms of societies in developed countries. * A summer research grant from the Frank G. Zarb School of Business at Hofstra University contributed toward making this research possible. Tara J. Radin is Visiting Assistant Professor in the Legal Studies and Business Ethics Department at the Wharton School and Assistant Director of The American College Center for Ethics in Financial Services. She earned a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law and an M.B.A. and Ph.D. in Management from the Darden School at the University of Virginia. Her research encompasses topics such as employment, global labor practices, technology, privacy, corporate governance, and stakeholder theory, and includes publications in journals such as Business Ethics Quarterly, Journal of Business Ethics, and American Business Law Journal. She is also co-author of Employment and Employee Rights, published by Blackwell Publishers, Ltd. Martin Calkins is Assistant Professor in the College of Management at the University of Massachusetts Boston. He earned a Ph.D. in management from the University of Virginia, M.Div. and Th.M. degrees in theology from the Weston School of Theology, and an M.I.M. in international management from the American Graduate School of International Management. His academic interests include moral theory (in particular, casuistry and virtue theory) as well as contemporary international business issues such as international codes, whistleblowing, sweatshops, and the impact of computer and Internet technologies on societies.     

环境景观设计中的城市记忆

我国国民经济的持续增长和城市化进程的加快,带来了城市建设的高速发展.但随之而来也产生了一系列问题.地方文化以及地域特色的逐渐丧失便属其中之一.作为城市设计重要组成部分的环境景观设计也面临着同样的问题.城市记忆的概念正是在这一特定的时期提出来的.在我国有关城市记忆方面的讨论和实践已经展开.城市记忆有利于改变目前的现状,有利于城市精神的塑造,有利于创造各具特色的城市风貌,有利于联系城市的过去与未来.     

Is the locus of poverty changing?

Urbanization is now a dominant demographic phenomenon in low- and middle-income countries. By the year 2000, half of the world's population will live in urban areas; of this half, two thirds will be in developing countries, predominantly in Asia. Whether there will be a corresponding shift of poverty from rural to urban areas is the central question of this analysis. Evidence from cross-sectional, time-series, and case data indicates that the percent of poverty in urban areas is dependent on income levels, income growth, and income distribution. The evidence also indicates that the number of poor in rural areas will exceed those in urban areas well into the 21st century. These poverty and urbanization trends are significant politically, and important also with respect to food policy and required investments in agriculture.     

独生子女一代对中国传统文化的巨大影响

中国的家庭、家族是中国传统文化的基石.中国传统文化稳定的主要原因是以家庭的稳定维护社会的稳定;传统文化要随着社会的发展而发展;独生子女一代带来中国传统文化第二个百家争鸣的时代,并对中国传统文化产生巨大的影响.     

专制主义与中国传统法律文化

专制主义在中国源远流长,对中国传统的政治、经济、文化、社会生活各方面产生了深远而广泛的影响.专制主义对中国传统法律文化的影响尤其明显和深刻,突出表现在中国传统立法、司法、律学等方面.     

战略管理思想在企业实际中的应用

结合中外知名企业对战略管理思想实际运用的例子 ,分析了大中小企业生存与发展的战略 ,在此基础上总结经验 ,科学预测 ,提出在经济全球化形势下 ,企业战略新思维的探讨问题。     

中国城市老年人贫困程度的探讨

根据国际流行的贫困距指数研究方法,在中国老龄科研中心1992年调查和2000年调查数据的基础上,以城市老年人家庭作为计量单位,从支出口径探讨了中国部分省、直辖市的城市老年人90年代贫困的状况和发展趋势。对比了两次调查相同省份城市低收入老年人群体的收入变化情况。这一特定群体的老年人在90年代收入增长缓慢,有可能陷入以收入口径测量的深度贫困。对如何改善城市贫困老年人的救助提出了对策建议。     

从文化视角看《黑客帝国》

并非所有的电影都有意义,也并非所有有意义的电影其意义都在电影之外.<黑客帝国>系列恐怕是电影史上第一部在电影之外的思考领域产生如此大影响的作品.世界电影史上从来不乏深刻的作品,难得的是引起广泛的讨论.     

广义进化,走向生态文明

本文受广义进化论观点启发。主张要走向生态文明。必须超越人类中心主义和民族中心主义的思想行为局限，以生态整体观善待自然。努力寻找解决当今全球生态问题的途径和避免灾变的办法。以期全面和谐的世界图景早日到来。